Mobile toplist for mobile web sites. We have over 2000 registered sites. A SPECIAL SECTION Selected Peer-Reviewed Articles from the International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education. Sebagai orang beriman tentu kita memahami bahwa segala anugerah dan nikmat batin yang kita rasakan di hari raya ini. Sejarah Nusantara (1800-1942) adalah catatan mengenai rangkaian peristiwa yang terjadi di kepulauan antara Benua Asia. Daftar tokoh Sunda ini memuat nama tokoh-tokoh dari etnis Sunda atau secara genetis berdarah Sunda, baik. Sufism or Ta REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, JAKARTA – Organisasi pencatat keturunan Nabi Muhammad Saw. Advanced Science Letters. Sufism - Wikipedia. Sufism or Ta. They strive for ihsan (perfection of worship) as detailed in a hadith: . According to William Chittick, . Islamic spirituality) and the negative stereotypes that were present in Britain about Islam. In this view, . These two explanations were combined by the Sufi al- Rudhabari (d. AH), who said, . These men and women who sat at al- Masjid an- Nabawi are considered by some to be the first Sufis. By pledging allegiance to Muhammad, the Sahabah had committed themselves to the service of God. According to Islamic belief, by pledging allegiance to Muhammad, the Sahaba have pledged allegiance to God. The Hand of All. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks it only to his own harm, and whosoever fulfils what he has covenanted with All. It is through Muhammad that Sufis aim to learn about, understand and connect with God. Such a concept may be understood by the hadith, which Sufis regard to be authentic, in which Muhammad said, . Furthermore, Junayd of Baghdad regarded Ali as sheikh of the principals and practices of Tasawwuf. Many have asserted Sufism to be unique within the confines of the Islamic religion and contend that Sufism developed from people like Bayazid Bastami, who, in his utmost reverence to the sunnah, refused to eat a watermelon because he did not find any proof that Muhammad ever ate it. Ruwaym, from the second generation of Sufis in Baghdad, was also an influential early figure. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of . He cites the early shaykhs (shuyukh al- salaf) such as Al- Fu. The heavy odds confronted me and provided me with few moments for my pursuits. This state of affairs lasted for ten years but wherever I had some spare and congenial moments I resorted to my intrinsic proclivity. During these turbulent years, numerous astonishing and indescribable secrets of life were unveiled to me. I was convinced that the group of Aulia (holy mystics) is the only truthful group who follow the right path, display best conduct and surpass all sages in their wisdom and insight. They derive all their overt or covert behaviour from the illumining guidance of the holy Prophet, the only guidance worth quest and pursuit. Iran, Isfahan (c. In the eleventh- century, Sufism, which had previously been a less . Two of the most famous of these are now available in English translation: the Kashf al- Mahj. Masih banyak lagi » Account Options. Masuk; Setelan penelusuran. ADVANCED SCIENCE LETTERSis a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with a very wide-ranging. He argued that Sufism originated from the Qur'an and thus was compatible with mainstream Islamic thought and did not in any way contradict Islamic Law—being instead necessary to its complete fulfillment. Ongoing efforts by both traditionally trained Muslim scholars and Western academics are making al- Ghazali's works more widely available in English translation, allowing English- speaking readers to judge for themselves the compatibility of Islamic Law and Sufi doctrine. Several sections of the Revival of Religious Sciences have been published in translation by the Islamic Texts Society. It has been translated in full by Muhammad Asim Bilal (2. The spread of Sufism has been considered a definitive factor in the spread of Islam, and in the creation of integrally Islamic cultures, especially in Africa. The Senussi tribes of Libya and the Sudan are one of the strongest adherents of Sufism. Sufi poets and philosophers such as Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, Rumi, and Attar of Nishapur (c. Islamic culture in Anatolia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In many places a person or group would endow a waqf to maintain a lodge (known variously as a zawiya, khanqah, or tekke) to provide a gathering place for Sufi adepts, as well as lodging for itinerant seekers of knowledge. The same system of endowments could also pay for a complex of buildings, such as that surrounding the S. No important domain in the civilization of Islam remained unaffected by Sufism in this period. The Bektashi were closely affiliated with the Ottoman Janissaries and is the heart of Turkey's large and mostly liberal Alevi population. It has spread westwards to Cyprus, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, more recently, to the United States via Albania. Sufism is popular in such African countries as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Senegal, where it is seen as a mystical expression of Islam. Sufism is traditional in Morocco but has seen a growing revival with the renewal of Sufism under contemporary spiritual teachers such as Hamza al Qadiri al Boutchichi. Mbacke suggests that one reason Sufism has taken hold in Senegal is because it can accommodate local beliefs and customs, which tend toward the mystical. The life of the Algerian Sufi master Abdelkader El Djezairi is instructive in this regard. Notable as well are the lives of Amadou Bamba and El Hadj Umar Tall in West Africa, and Sheikh Mansur and Imam Shamil in the Caucasus. In the twentieth century, some Muslims have called Sufism a superstitious religion that holds back Islamic achievement in the fields of science and technology. One of the first to return to Europe as an official representative of a Sufi order, and with the specific purpose to spread Sufism in Western Europe, was the Swedish- born wandering Sufi Ivan Agu. His manifold writings defined the practice of Sufism as the essence of Islam but also pointed to the universality of its message. Other spiritualists, such as George Gurdjieff, may or may not conform to the tenets of Sufism as understood by orthodox Muslims. Other noteworthy Sufi teachers who have been active in the West in recent years include Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, Inayat Khan, Nazim Al- Haqqani, Javad Nurbakhsh, Bulent Rauf, Irina Tweedie, Idries Shah, Muzaffer Ozak, Nahid Angha, and Ali Kianfar. Currently active Sufi academics and publishers include Llewellyn Vaughan- Lee, Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Abdullah Nooruddeen Durkee, Waheed Ashraf, Omer Tarin, Ahmed abdu r Rashid and Timothy Winter. Aims and objectives. Known for its Sufi tombs, Multan is often called the City of Saints. While all Muslims believe that they are on the pathway to Allah and hope to become close to God in Paradise—after death and after the Last Judgment—Sufis also believe that it is possible to draw closer to God and to more fully embrace the divine presence in this life. In this state nothing one does defies God, and all is undertaken with the single motivation of ishq. To Sufis, the outer law consists of rules pertaining to worship, transactions, marriage, judicial rulings, and criminal law—what is often referred to, broadly, as . The inner law of Sufism consists of rules about repentance from sin, the purging of contemptible qualities and evil traits of character, and adornment with virtues and good character. They further believe that the teacher should attempt inerrantly to follow the Divine Law. This doctrine states that there will always exist upon the earth a . The concept of the Sufi Qutb is similar to that of the Shi'i Imam. The vow of obedience to the Shaykh or Qutb which is taken by Sufis is considered incompatible with devotion to the Imam. He is believed to have served his first teacher, Sayyid Muhammad Baba As- Samasi, for 2. Samasi died. He is said to then have served several other teachers for lengthy periods of time. He is said to have helped the poorer members of the community for many years and after this concluded his teacher directed him to care for animals cleaning their wounds, and assisting them. There is not in the horizons, beyond the horizons or below the horizons, anyone more elegant, more noble, more knowing, more just, more fearsome, or more compassionate, than the subject of this tale. He is the leader of created beings, the one . The Sufi poet Saadi Shirazi stated, . O Saadi, do not think that one can treat that way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one . Rumi states, . For this reason, the command began with him and was sealed with him. He was a Prophet while Adam was between water and clay, and his elemental structure is the Seal of the Prophets. He is the sun of creation, the moon of the celestial spheres, the all- seeing eye.. The seven heavens and the eight gardens of paradise were created for him, he is both the eye and the light in the light of our eyes. The persona of Muhammad has historically been and remains an integral and critical aspect of Sufi belief and practice. Sufis believe the name of Muhammad is holy and sacred. In the 1. 3th century, a Sufi poet from Egypt, Al- Busiri, wrote the al- Kaw. Ibn Arabi regards that the first entity that was brought into existence is the reality or essence of Muhammad (al- . Ibn Arabi regards Muhammad as the supreme human being and master of all creatures. Muhammad is therefore the primary role- model for human beings to aspire to emulate. Ibn Arabi believes that God's attributes and names are manifested in this world and that the most complete and perfect display of these divine attributes and names are seen in Muhammad. Ibn Arabi believes that one may see God in the mirror of Muhammad, meaning that the divine attributes of God are manifested through Muhammad. Ibn Arabi maintains that Muhammad is the best proof of God and by knowing Muhammad one knows God. Ibn Arabi also maintains that Muhammad is the master of all of humanity in both this world and the afterlife. In this view, Islam is the best religion, because Muhammad is Islam. Sufis maintain that Muhammad is Al- Ins. Sufis believe that aid and support may be received from Muhammad, even today. Sufis believe that Muhammad listens to them when they call upon him. Sufis strive towards having a relationship with Muhammad and seeking to see Muhammad in a dream is a common Sufi practice. Sufism and Islamic law. Ibn Arabi says, . Often these resist direct reference or description, with the consequence that the authors of various Sufi treatises took recourse to allegorical language. For instance, much Sufi poetry refers to intoxication, which Islam expressly forbids. Srivijaya - Wikipedia. Srivijaya (also written Sri Vijaya, Indonesian/Malay: Sriwijaya, Javanese: . Srivijaya was the first unified kingdom to dominate much of Malay archipelago. A Tang. Chinesemonk, Yijing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 6. CE for six months. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Java, Kambuja and Champa. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with China which lasted from the Tang to the Song dynasty. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal, as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East. The kingdom ceased to exist in the 1. Javanese. Singhasari and Majapahit empires. It was not until 1. French historian George C. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of Palembang (around which the kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1. French scholar, George C. The Buddhist pilgrim Yijing's account is especially important on describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 6. CE for six months. The 7th- century siddhayatra inscriptions discovered in Palembang and Bangka island are also vital primary historical sources. Also, regional accounts that some might be almost tales and legends, such as the Legend of the Maharaja of Javaka and the Khmer King also provides a glimpse of the kingdom. Besides, some Indian and Arabic accounts also describes vaguely about the riches and fabulous fortune of the king of Zabag. The historical records of Srivijaya were reconstructed from a number of stone inscriptions, most of them written in Old Malay, such as the Kedukan Bukit, Talang Tuwo, Telaga Batu and Kota Kapur inscriptions. In the 2. 0th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an Indonesian identity within an Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of the Dutch East Indies. The Chinese called it Sanfoqi or Che- li- fo- che (Shilifoshi), and there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli, which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. It mentions that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa came from Minanga Tamwan. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The Palembang theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by C. Soekmono, on the other hand, argues that Palembang was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the Kampar River system in Riau where the Muara Takus temple is located as Minanga Tamwan. This is probably because of the nature of Palembang environment — a low lying plain which frequently flooded by Musi River. Expert suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of floating houses made from thatched materials, such as wood, bamboo and straw roof. The 1. 3th century Chinese account confirmed this; in his book Chu- Fan- Chi, Chau- Ju- kua mentioned that . Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this. An aerial photograph taken in 1. Palembang (in what is now Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park) revealed the remnants of ancient man- made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had, at one time, dense human habitation. Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosts thousands of Buddhist monks. Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the Chaiya District in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, was the centre of Srivijaya. However, some scholars believe that Chaiya probably comes from Sri Vijaya. It was a regional capital in the Srivijaya empire. Some Thai historians argue it was the capital of Srivijaya itself. This unique period is known as the Srivijayan episode in Central Java, when the monarch of Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya. By that time, Srivijayan Mandala seems to be consists of the federation or an alliance of city- states, spanned from Java to Sumatra and Malay Peninsula, connected with trade connection cemented with political allegiance. By that time Srivijayan trading centers remains in Palembang, and to further extent also includes ports of Jambi, Kedah and Chaiya; while its political, religious and ceremonial center was established in Central Java. History. The Kedukan Bukit inscription (6. CE), discovered on the banks of the Tatang River, near Karanganyar site, mentioned that the empire of Srivijaya was founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa and his retinue. He had embarked on a sacred siddhayatra. This possibly occurred in the 6. CE. Melayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and held in high esteem at the time. Srivijaya recognised that the submission of Melayu would increase its own prestige. The areas upstream of the Musi River were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with rival river systems such as the Batang Hari River, centred in Jambi. The Telaga Batu inscription, discovered in Sabokingking, eastern Palembang, is also a siddhayatra inscription. It is highly possible that this 7th century inscription was used in some kind of oath allegiance ritual. The top of the stone is adorned with seven n. The ritual demonstrate the use of curse in sumpah (allegiance) ritual for those who commit treason against Kadatuan Srivijaya. The Talang Tuwo inscription, is also a siddhayatra inscription. Discovered in Bukit Seguntang, western Palembang, this inscription tells about the establishment of the bountiful . Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against Java in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of Tarumanagara in West Java and the Kalingga in Central Java. The empire thus grew to control the trade on the Strait of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, the South China Sea, the Java Sea, and the Karimata Strait. Chinese records dating to the late 7th century mention two Sumatran kingdoms as well as three other kingdoms on Java as being part of Srivijaya. By the end of the 8th century, many western Javanese kingdoms, such as Tarumanagara and Kalingga, were within the Srivijayan sphere of influence. Golden age. He was possibly the progenitor of Sailendra family. By early 8th century, an influential Buddhist family related to Srivijaya dominated Central Java. By the turn of the 8th century the states in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula were fell under Srivijayan domination. During the same century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. These kingdoms on the peninsula were major trading nations that transported goods across the peninsula's isthmus. The Ligor inscription in Vat Sema Muang, mentioned that Maharaja of Srivijaya, Dharmasetu ordered the construction of three sanctuaries dedicated to Bodhisattvas Padmapani, Vajrapani and Buddha located in Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula. This is the first instance of relationship known existed between Srivijaya and the Sailendra. With the expansion into Java and the Malay Peninsula, Srivijaya controlled two major trade choke points in Southeast Asia; Malacca and Sunda straits. Some Srivijayan temple ruins are observable in Thailand and Cambodia. At some point in the late 7th century, Cham ports in eastern Indochina started to attract traders. This diverted the flow of trade from Srivijaya. In an effort to divert the flow, the Srivijayan Maharaja. Dharmasetu, launched various raids against the coastal cities of Indochina. The city of Indrapura by the Mekong was temporarily controlled from Palembang in the early 8th century. Nalanda inscription (dated 8. Balaputradewa, and the son of . He appointed Khmer Prince Jayavarman as the governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Sailendran rule. This decision was proven as a mistake, as Jayavarman later revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata, severed the link and proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java in 8. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married T. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who later assumed throne of Srivijaya, around 7. He reigned as ruler from 7. CE. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold of Java. He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of Borobudur; a massive stone mandala. Which was completed in 8. CE, during his reign. His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani that betrothed to Shivaite Rakai Pikatan, son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in Central Java. The political move that seems as an effort to secure peace and Sailendran rule on Java by reconciling the Mahayana Buddhist with Shivaist Hindus. Return to Palembang. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani is interpreted differently by some historians. Older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that Balaputra was the son of Samaratungga, which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana on the other hand, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga, which means he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. Either ways, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled the Sumatran branch of Sailendra dynasty and enthroned in Srivijayan capital of Palembang. Historians argued that this was because Balaputra's mother — Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira was the princess of Srivijaya, this rendered Balaputra as the heir of Srivijayan throne.
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